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Does Brazil and Peru have any federal or state agencies comparable to our US Geological Survey and state water quality agencies that measure and post online river stage, flow, and chemistry data? Also City water supply intakes should (hopefully) collect frequent data at their raw water intake...
Does that mean peat extract (without the plant fibers) can still lower the GH hardness by chelating Ca+Mg ions, even though it's not actually removing any ions by ion exchange? If so, then my statement above "peat extract won't soften the water" may be wrong.
Direct link to the 2017 Copella species key (also linked on Tom's site):
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183069&type=printable
Is C. arnoldi the only species in Lebiasinidae that lays eggs out of water ?
What Bart says. It's mainly the peat fibers that bind up Ca and Mg ions, not the organic acids. Adding "blackwater tonic" or peat extract won't soften the water.
I was under the impression that most all decaying tree leaves release a blend of humic, tannic, and fulvic acids, and that blackwater habitats contain all three types, but I have never looked into the details or differences between organic acids in terms of their significance to fish. ...
Maybe clay pots SHOULD grow in rivers. There's a madtom catfish in the rivers near me (Noturus furiosus) that historically nested in large dead mussel shells with the valves still connected. Most of the larger mussel species are now rare or extirpated due to pollution, dams, erosion, and other...
Although plants can only produce O2 in the light, most will uptake and store ammonium even in the dark. The small amount of CO2 plants produce in the dark is mostly held with the tissues for reuse when light returns.
Usually leaving both parents in with fry works fine. But keep watch; with some pairs one or the other parent takes over (usually female) and drives the other parent away. Be ready to intervene if one is getting chased too much.
Chlorine and chloramine are added to the drinking water to oxidize organic matter, such as bacteria and parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium). The toxic chlorine is converted to harmless chloride ion in the oxidation process. So you can use leaves, wood, fish food, or any organic matter as a...
In that case I stand by my previous claim: " I'm not sure your fish is 100% certain of its own sex!" They can sometimes change sex (F to M), and who knows what effects all those plastics we use in their tanks, air fresheners, hand lotions, and other household chemicals might do to their hormone...
Many of the Aphyosemion group and S. Amer killies do spend a lot of time just hovering among the plants. Gardneri are one of the more active ones. Also Epiplatys, Aplocheilus, and the Lampeye group are generally more active. Our native Fundulus and flagfish are also quite active.
Looks female to me, except for red edging on tail. Big old females can sometimes get male-like colors and fin extensions. I'm not sure your fish is 100% certain of its own sex!
"Various tumors and lesions" might be Mycobacterium - unrelated to the play sand. All substrates, fine or coarse, will get anaerobic in time due to decaying organic matter. Fine substrates have less space for gas diffusion to occur, but they also have less space for fish food and poop to fall...
BTW Aaron there's a new Carolinas-Virginia Regional Killifish Club getting started; a regional chapter of AKA. We just had the first meeting in Raleigh 2 weeks ago, and planning another one in May in Wilmington (with a field trip to the Green Swamp area).
Find out what type of chlorine or chloramine the public water system uses. If they use chloramine, I would use a chloramine remover like Prime or similar product to get started. After your water-aging container is set up, you can experiment and see how long it takes for the chloramine and...
How long did they typically stay in his mouth each time? More than just a minute or two to move them from one place to another?
And do you know whether they spent the night in his mouth? When I had red-hump Geophagus they'd go into mom's mouth when the lights went off, and be released in the...